Mary Whiton Calkins

Biography

Mary Whiton Calkins was a pioneering psychologist and philosopher whose scholarship broke barriers for women in American academia. Despite being denied a Ph.D. by Harvard, she founded the paired-association method of memory research and became the first female president of both the American Psychological Association and the American Philosophical Association.

Her dedication to ethical inquiry and women's education inspired students and colleagues, leaving a legacy of courage and intellectual leadership.